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In contrast to the mysterious forms of energy and matter she studies, the 33-year-old Verde radiates enthusiasm when talking about her work. "I never stop being amazed by it," she says.

A survey of the top 50 ranked physics departments in 2002 shows that of 1998 physics faculty members, there were 12 of identifiable African heritage.

Although Williams had difficulties pursuing a career as a mathematical researcher, he urges young minorities to be persistent and never give up their dream.

NOAA Fisheries, based in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, has a long history of fostering minority development in the sciences.

Gourdine, an African-American physicist and engineer, became an expert in electrogasdynamics and developed commercial uses for the technology.