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"Scientists are always focused on experiments, gaining knowledge, but there is the human side that you need to be exposed to early on." -Anton Wutz

Though the competition may be stiff, getting into such a high profile field has its own career rewards.

"By going to different labs," says Edvard Moser, "You learn different ways of thinking and you can create bridges between sub-disciplines and find something unexpected."

Given the opportunity, Jana Kadukova says she would definitely be keen to work abroad again. "In my opinion, everyone should try this once in their life," she says

Early-Stage Training fellowships offer Ph.D. researchers the opportunity to pursue specialised training for a period of 3 months to 3 years as part of their doctoral training.

The interview process, she points out, goes both ways: They are interviewing you and you are interviewing them.

By age 40, a mere 20% of astronomy PhDs have astronomy faculty jobs at universities (or scientific positions at observatories) in country …

This is an unusual position; I will have little bureaucracy and limited teaching.

Out on a mountain, Mather says, "you have to work with the situation" and solve the practical difficulties as best you can.

"I think I have been lucky in the choice of topics to work on, topics which later turned out to be useful for developments in an apparently different direction."

Get out and meet fellow researchers, and never turn down an opportunity to give a talk.

The French bureaucracy was sometimes a challenge, but, these researchers say, the scientific environment largely made up for it.

The mutual interaction of population dynamics and evolutionary processes is a key theme of Hanna Kokko’s work.

Go abroad for some time. That is how I got into a field that I could make a significant contribution to.