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Supervisors often unconsciously reproduce the manner in which they themselves once were supervised.

The difficulties facing Ph.D. graduates is not just because the supply and demand seems out of equilibrium; a lack of general awareness of where Ph.D.s can get employment in academic, industrial, and public service sectors is exacerbating the problem.

"Sweden's universities resemble an hourglass, not just top-heavy, but bottom-heavy too, with very little room for the sand to run in between."